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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Kapitsa–Dirac effect ： ウィキペディア英語版 Kapitsa–Dirac effect The Kapitza–Dirac effect is a quantum mechanical effect consisting of the diffraction of matter by a standing wave of light. The effect was first predicted as the diffraction of electrons from a standing wave of light by Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac and Pyotr Kapitsa (or Peter Kapitza) in 1933. The effect relies on the wave-particle duality of matter as stated by the de Broglie hypothesis in 1924. ==Explanation== In 1924, French physicist Louis de Broglie postulated that matter exhibits a wave-like nature given by: :$\backslash lambda\; =\; \backslash frac,$ where ''λ'' is the particle wavelength, ''h'' is Planck's constant, and ''p'' is the particle momentum. From this, it follows that interference effects between particles of matter will occur. This forms the basis of the Kapitza-Dirac effect. Specifically, Kapitza-Dirac scattering operates in the Raman-Nath regime. This is to say that the interaction time of the particle with the light field is sufficiently short in duration such that the motion of the particles with respect to the light field can be neglected. Mathematically, this means the kinetic energy term of the interaction Hamiltonian can be neglected. This approximation holds if the interaction time is less than the inverse of the recoil frequency of the particle, . This is analogous to the thin lens approximation in optics. A coherent beam of particles incident on a standing wave of electromagnetic radiation (typically light) will be diffracted according to the equation: :$n\backslash lambda\; =\; 2d\backslash sin\backslash Theta,$ where ''n'' is an integer, ''λ'' is the de Broglie wavelength of the incident particles, ''d'' is the spacing of the grating and ''θ'' is the angle of incidence. This matter wave diffraction is analogous to optical diffraction of light through a diffraction grating. Another incidence of this effect is the diffraction of ultra-cold (and therefore almost stationary) atoms by an optical lattice that is pulsed on for a very short duration. The application of an optical lattice transfers momentum from the photons creating the optical lattice onto the atoms. This momentum transfer is a two-photon process meaning that the atoms acquire momentum in multiples of 2ħk, where k is the wavevector if the electromagnetic The recoil frequency of the atom as can be expressed by: :$\backslash omega\_\; =\; \backslash frac$ where ''m'' is the mass of the particle. The recoil energy is given by :$E\_=\backslash hbar\; \backslash omega\_.$ 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kapitsa–Dirac effect」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.